金佛山地区地下水硝态氮污染时空变异性研究

根据1976～1977年、2004～2006年和2009年金佛山地区23处地下水排泄点水中硝态氮的质量浓度,采用地球化学、统计学与GIS相结合的方法确定了区内地下水中硝态氮的地球化学背景值,分析了硝态氮污染的时空变异特征.结果表明,区内地下水中硝态氮的地球化学背景值为0.72～2.00 mg.L-1,正异常下限为3.20 mg.L-1;2004～2006年和2009年金佛山自然保护区内地下水硝态氮平均质量浓度为：2.08、2.67、2.59和3.92 mg.L-1;保护区外为：39.08、25.46、17.99和13.73mg.L-1;平均超标率（标准规定NO 3--N≤10 mg.L-1）为：451.64%、478.61%、331.85%和145.67%;最高浓度为：157.58、118.04、63.82和46.18 mg.L-1;最大超标率为：1 475.81%、1 080.39%、538.20%和361.78%.插值分析结果显示,区内地下水中硝态氮高值中心随时间而变化,低值区沿金佛山自然保护区分布.当地合理的环境保护政策和产业结构调整,对环境保护工作起到了积极作用.     

海水淡化水在既有管网输配的铁释放控制研究

由于具有强腐蚀性,海水淡化水在既有市政管网输配过程中往往会产生严重的"红水"现象,主要是由于管网中铁的释放.为了研究控制既有管网中铁释放的有效措施,对管龄为30～40 a的钢管和灰口铸铁管内壁的腐蚀瘤进行分析,主要组成物质为Fe3O4和FeOOH;选择腐蚀较严重的钢管进行静态浸泡试验,重点分析了自来水和淡化水的掺混比、pH值、碱度、氯离子和硫酸根离子对铁释放的影响,并以铁浓度为控制量,初步给出了海水淡化水在既有管网中安全输配所需满足的水质条件:自来水和淡化水的掺混比≥2∶1,pH值在7.6以上,碱度>200 mg.L-1.     

厌氧生物处理技术应用研究与展望

综述了厌氧处理工艺应用于工业废水处理的研究进展,并对厌氧工艺与好氧工艺进行了对比,总结了厌氧工艺的特性;阐释了厌氧工艺的应用现状及未来的发展趋势,重点介绍了厌氧流化床反应器(AFBR)、上流式厌氧滤池、上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)、厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)、颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器(EGSB)、复合厌氧反应器。     

基于属性区间识别模型的天然气管道事故后果评价技术研究

为了准确评价天然气管道事故后果严重程度,提高管道安全管理水平,以属性区间识别理论为基础,建立了天然气管道事故后果综合评价的属性区间识别模型;同时,为解决属性区间识别模型中的权重确定问题,在收集天然气管道历史事故数据的基础上,建立投影寻踪-遗传算法模型,从历史事故数据中获得客观权重;最后依据置信度准则对天然气管道事故后果进行属性识别,实现天然气管道事故后果严重程度的等级划分.应用所建立的模型对近年来发生的13起天然气管道事故进行实例验证,结果表明,属性区间识别模型操作简单,结果合理,具有一定的参考价值,为天然气管道事故后果评价提供了一种新的方法,进一步可为天然气管道安全管理和应急救灾措施的制定提供技术支持.     

室内环境空气中甲醛净化模块特性试验研究

现阶段甲醛是超标最严重的一类室内空气污染物,针对室内环境空气中甲醛污染问题,设计搭建一台便于测试且可替换净化模块的空气净化装置.测试并分析甲醛气体在单独或集成使用不同净化技术时的衰减特性,包括净化技术、送风量、初始质量浓度对甲醛衰减的影响.结果表明:在等条件下,"活性炭+光触媒"对甲醛去除效果较单一技术更佳;组合净化在等浓度变风量情况下存在最高甲醛去除率并对应的最佳送风量为140 m3/h;初始质量浓度影响净化模块的处理效率,在一定范围内,一次净化效率随初始质量浓度升高而升高.     

基于SEIMR的矿工不安全行为传播模型研究

为防控矿工不安全行为的传播,减少煤矿安全事故的发生,采用传播动力学方法,在传染病模型的基础上提出并构建了易染-潜伏-传播-管控-免疫(SEIMR)传播模型,借助MATLAB软件演化不同状态下矿工人群之间的动态转化关系,模拟转化率对矿工不安全行为传播过程的影响.结果表明,SEIMR模型能够较好地反映矿工不安全行为的传播过程,恶化率、改善率、醒悟率及遗忘率等因素对矿工不安全行为传播有不同程度的影响,提高改善率和醒悟率可以抑制不安全行为的传播,提高恶化率和遗忘率可以促进不安全行为的传播.因此,在煤矿企业安全管理中,可通过调节控制这些因素来预测和干预不安全行为的传播.     

西安市街道灰尘磁化率特征及其污染指示意义

以磁学参数作为环境重金属污染的一项指标,对西安市街道灰尘进行了系统的采样和测定.结果显示,磁化率可以反映西安市的整体污染水平.街道灰尘磁化率值较高、频率磁化率较低,二者呈显著负相关,表明街道灰尘磁性增强源于人类活动影响.磁化率随温度变化曲线表明,受电厂影响的样品主要含磁铁矿,而污染源较复杂的样品则含有磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿以及少量铁单质.磁化率与交通污染导致的Pb、Ba等元素及冶金行业带来的Cu、Cr等元素间有较好的相关性,表明西安市主要污染物来自交通污染及冶金行业排放.在局部范围内,磁化率与元素的相关性随元素种类的不同而具有明显的差异,表明不同区域内导致磁化率升高的人为活动存在差异.     

基于唐南渗析原理阳离子交换膜对Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)去除能力的研究

基于唐南渗析原理,采用阳离子交换膜去除原水中Cu2+、Mn2+、Zn2+等重金属离子,研究影响阳离子交换膜去除各重金属离子能力大小的机制以及2种重金属离子共存时互相干扰的机制.结果表明,阳离子交换膜可有效去除原水中Cu2+、Mn2+、Zn2+等重金属离子,去除率为75%～85%;在浓度相同下且重金属离子带相同电荷数时,其水化离子半径越小,离子扩散速度就越快,阳离子交换膜对其去除能力就越强;当重金属水化离子半径基本相同时,膜对原子序数小的重金属离子的去除能力更强;相同浓度且相同电荷数的重金属离子共存时,各离子同步被去除,但各离子之间存在干扰,越易于被离子交换的离子与其它离子共存时,其竞争能力越强,使其他离子的去除率降低越多;当待去除离子的总浓度远低于膜的交换容量时,离子共存时各离子的去除率相比离子单独存在时各离子的去除率下降幅度不大.     

Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).     

Ambient levels of atmospheric carbonyls in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games

The measurements of atmospheric carbonyls concentrations in Beijing were conducted from 12 July to 8 October, 2008, covering the periods of the 2008 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Six carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, and hexaldehyde, were identified in all air samples. The total average concentrations of these carbonyls before, during, and after traffic restriction were (48.1 ± 15.2), (36.6 ± 14.5) and (23.4 ± 12.3) μg/m3, respectively. Compared with the period after traffic restriction, the distinct high concentrations of the carbonyls before and during traffic restriction were primarily ascribed to the remarkable contribution of photochemical reactions. With respect to our previous investigation in the summer of 2005, the reductions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone during traffic restriction period were about 64%, 47% and 27%, respectively, indicating that the air cleaning actions adopted by the Chinese government for the two games were efficient. The lowest levels of atmospheric carbonyls and the extremely high composition proportion of acetone after the traffic restriction were mainly attributed to the long-term effect of the control measures for the two games.